<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<rss version="2.0"
	xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"
	xmlns:wfw="http://wellformedweb.org/CommentAPI/"
	xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
	xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"
	xmlns:sy="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/syndication/"
	xmlns:slash="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/"
	>

<channel>
	<title>gg &#187; How Science works</title>
	<atom:link href="http://gilest.ro/category/how-science-works/feed/" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
	<link>http://gilest.ro</link>
	<description></description>
	<lastBuildDate>Thu, 01 Jul 2010 14:06:38 +0000</lastBuildDate>
	<language>en</language>
	<sy:updatePeriod>hourly</sy:updatePeriod>
	<sy:updateFrequency>1</sy:updateFrequency>
	<generator>http://wordpress.org/?v=3.0.1</generator>
		<item>
		<title>Lots of smoke, hardly any gun. Do climatologists falsify data?</title>
		<link>http://gilest.ro/2009/lots-of-smoke-hardly-any-gun-do-climatologists-falsify-data/</link>
		<comments>http://gilest.ro/2009/lots-of-smoke-hardly-any-gun-do-climatologists-falsify-data/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 12 Dec 2009 07:28:23 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>gg</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[How Science works]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[blog]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[climate change]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.gilestro.tk/?p=433</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[One of climate change denialists favorite arguments concerns the fact that not always can weather station temperature data be used as raw. Sometimes they need to be adjusted. Adjustments are necessary in order to compensate with changes the happened over time either to the station itself or to the way data were collected: if the [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>One of climate change denialists favorite arguments concerns the fact that not always can weather station temperature data be used as raw. Sometimes they need to be <em>adjusted</em>. Adjustments are necessary in order to compensate with changes the happened over time either to the station itself or to the way data were collected: if the weather station gets a new shelter or gets relocated, for instance, we have to account for that and adjust the new values; if the time of the day at which we read a certain temperature has changed from morning to afternoon, we would have to adjust for that too. Adjustments and homogenitations are necessary in order to be able to compare or pull togheter data coming from different stations or different times.</p>
<p>Some denialists <a href="http://noconsensus.wordpress.com/2009/12/08/alaska-bodged-too">have problems understanding the very need</a> of adjustements &#8211; and they seem rather scared by the word itself. Others, like Willis Eschenbach at <a href="http://wattsupwiththat.com/2009/12/08/the-smoking-gun-at-darwin-zero/">What&#8217;s up with that</a>, fully understand the concept but still look at it as a somehow fishy procedure. Denialists&#8217; bottomline is that adjustment do interfere with readings and if they are biased toward one direction they may actually create a warming that doesn&#8217;t actually exist: either by accident or as result of fraud.</p>
<p>To prove this argument they recurrently show this or that probe to have weird adjustment values and if they find a warming adjustment they often conclude that data are bad &#8211; and possibly people too. Now, let&#8217;s forget for a moment that warming measurements go way beyond meteorological surface temperatures. Let&#8217;s forget satellite measurements and let&#8217;s forget that data are collected by dozens of meteorological organizations and processed in several datasets. Let&#8217;s pretend, for the sake of argument, that scientists are really trying to &#8220;heat up&#8221; measurements in order to make the planet appear warmer than it really is.</p>
<p>How do you prove that? Not by looking at the single probes of course but at the big picture, trying to figure out whether adjustments are used as a way to correct <em>errors</em> or whether they are actually a way to introduce a <em>bias</em>. In science, error is good, bias is bad. If we think that a bias is introduced, we should expect the majority of probes to have a warming adjustment. If the error correction is genuine, on the other hand, you&#8217;d expect a normal distribution.</p>
<p>So, let&#8217;s have look. I took the GHCN dataset available <a href="http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/ghcn/v2/">here</a> and compared all the adjusted data (v2.mean_adj) to their raw counterpart (v2.mean). The GHCN raw dataset consists of more than 13000 station data, but of these only about half (6737) pass the initial quality control and end up in the final (adjusted) dataset. I  calculated the difference for each pair of <em>raw vs adj</em> data and quantified the adjustment as trend of warming or cooling in degC per decade. I got in this way a set of 6533 adjustments (that is, 97% of total &#8211; a couple of hundreds were lost in the way due to the quality of the readings). Did I find the smoking gun? Nope.</p>
<div id="attachment_438" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 810px"><img class="size-full wp-image-438" title="Distribution of adjustment bias in the GHCN dataset" src="http://www.gilestro.tk/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/dist1.png" alt="Distribution of adjustment bias in the GHCN/CRU dataset" width="800" height="600" /><p class="wp-caption-text">Distribution of adjustment bias in the GHCN/CRU dataset</p></div>
<p>Not surprisingly, the distribution of adjustment trends<sup>2</sup> is a quasi-normal<sup>3</sup> distribution with peak pretty much around 0 (0 is the median adjustment and 0.017 C/decade is the average adjustment &#8211; the planet warming trend in the last century has been of about 0.2 C/decade). In other words, most adjustment hardly modify the reading, and the warming and cooling adjustments end up compensating each other<sup>1,5</sup>.  I am sure this is no big surprise. The point of this analysis is not to check the good faith of people handling the data: that is not under scrutiny (and not because I trust the scientists but because I trust the scientific method).<br />
The point is actually to show the denialists that going probe after probe cherry picking those with a &#8220;weird&#8221; adjustment is a waste of time. Please stop the non-sense.</p>
<p><strong>Edit December 13.</strong><br />
Following the interesting input in the comments, I added a few notes to clarify what I did. I also feel like I should explain better what we learn from all this, so I add a new paragraph here (in fact, it&#8217;s just a comment promoted to paragraph).</p>
<p><strong>How do you evaluate whether adjustments are a good thing?<br />
</strong></p>
<p>To start, you have to think on why you want to adjust data on a first place. The goal of the adjustments is to modify your reading so that they could be easily compared (<em>a</em>) inter-probes and (<em>b</em>) intra-probes. In other words: you do it because you want to (<em>a</em>) be able to compare the measures you take today with the ones you took 10 years ago at the same spot and (<em>b</em>) be able to compare the measures you take with the ones your next door neighbor is taking.</p>
<p>So, in short <em>you do want your adjustment to siginificatively modify your data</em> – this is the all point of it! Now, how do you make sure you do it properly? If I were to be in charge of the adjustment I would do two things. 1) Find another dataset &#8211; one that possibly doesn’t need adjustments at all &#8211; to compare my stuff with: it doesn’t have to cover the entire period, it just has to overlap enough to be used as test for my system. The satellite measurements are good for this. If we see that our adjusted data go along well with the satellite measurements from 1980 to 2000, then we can be pretty confident that our way of adjusting data is going to be good also before 1980. There are limits, but it’s pretty damn good. Alternatively you can use a dataset from completely different source. If the two dataset arise from different stations, go through different processings and yet yield same results, you can go home happy.</p>
<p>Another way of doing it is to remeber that a mathematical adjustment is just a trick to overcome a lack of information on our side. We can take a random sample of probes and do statistical adjustment. Then go back and look the history of the the station. For instance: our statistical adjustment is telling us that a certain probe needs to be shifted +1 in 1941 but of course it will not tell us why. So we go back to the metadata and we find that in 1941 there was a major change in the history of our weather station, for instance war and subsequent move of the probe. <em>Bingo!</em> It means our statistical tools were very good in reconstructing the actual events of history. Another strong argument that our adjustments are doing a good job.</p>
<p>Did we do any of those things here? <strong>Nope</strong>. Neither I, nor you, nor Willis Eschenbach nor anyone else on this page actually tested whether adjustments were good! Not even remotely so.<br />
What did we do? We tried to answer a different question, that is: are these adjustments “suspicious”? Do we have enough information to think that scientists are cooking the data? How did we test so?</p>
<p>Willis picked a random probe and decided that the adjustment he saw where suspicious. End of the story. If you think about it, all his post is entirely concentrated around figure 8, which simply is a plot of the difference between adjusted data and raw data. So, there is no value whatsoever in doing that. I am sorry to go blunt on Willis like this – but that is what he did and I cannot hide it. No information at all.</p>
<p>What did I do? I just went a step back and asked myself: is there actually a reason on a first place to think that scientists are cooking data? I did what is called a unilaterally informative experiment. Experiments can be <em>bilaterally informative</em> when you learn something no matter what the outcome of the experiment is (these are the best); <em>unilaterally informative</em> when you learn something only if you get a specific outcome and in the other case you cannot draw conclusions; <em>not informative</em> experiments.<br />
My test was to look for a bias in the dataset. If I were to find that the adjustments are introducing a strong bias then I would know that <em>maybe</em> scientists were cooking the data. I cannot be sure about it, though, because (remember!) the whole point of doing adjustments  is to change data in the first place!. It is possible that most stations suffer of the same flaws and therefore need adjustments going in the same direction. That is why if my experiment were to lead to a biased outcome, it would not have been informative.<br />
On the other hand, I found instead that the adjustments themselves hardly change the value of readings at all and that means I can be pretty positive that scientists are not cooking data. This is why my experiment was unilaterally informative. I was lucky.</p>
<p>This is not a perfect experiment though because, as someone pointed out, there could be a caveat. One caveat is that in former times the distributions of probes was not as dense as it is today and since global temperature is calculated doing spatial averages, you may overepresent warming or cooling adjustments in few areas still mantaining a pretty symmetrical distribution. So, to test this you would have to check the distribution not for the entire sample as I did but grid by grid. (I am not going to do this because I believe is a waste of time but if someone wants to, be my guest).</p>
<p>Finding the right relationship between the experiment you are doing and the claim you make is crucial in science.</p>
<p><strong>Notes.</strong><br />
1) Nick Stockes, <a href="http://www.gilestro.tk/2009/lots-of-smoke-hardly-any-gun-do-climatologists-falsify-data/comment-page-1/#comment-383">in this comment</a>, posts a R code to do exactly the same thing <a href="http://i50.tinypic.com/16m2hw2.jpg">confirming the result</a>.</p>
<p>2) What I consider here is the <em>trend of the adjustment</em> not the average of the adjustment. Considering the average would be methodologically wrong. <a href="http://i.imgur.com/0eauy.png">This graph</a> and <a href="http://i.imgur.com/vDIjE.png">this graph</a> have both average of adjustment 0, yet the first one has trend 0 (and does not produce warming) while the second one has trend 0.4C/decade and produces 0.4C decade warming. If we were to consider average we would erroneously place the latter graph in the wrong category.</p>
<p>3) Not mathematically normal as pointed out by dt in the comments &#8211; don&#8217;t do parametric statistics on it.</p>
<p>4) The python scripts used for the quick and dirty analysis can be downloaded <a href="http://www.gilestro.tk/various/scripts/ghcn_adj/ghcn_adj_dist.tar.gz">as tar.gz here</a> or <a href="http://www.gilestro.tk/various/scripts/ghcn_adj/ghcn_adj_dist.zip">zip here</a></p>
<p>5)<a href="http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2009/12/are-the-cru-data-suspect-an-objective-assessment/#more-2351"> RealClimate.org found something very similar</a> but with a more elegant approach and on a different dataset. Again, their goal (like mine) is not  to add pieces of scientific evidence to the discussion,  because these tests are actually simple and nice but, let&#8217;s face it, quite trivial. The goal it is really to show to the blogoshpere what kind of analysis should be done in order to properly address this kind of issue, if one really wants to.</p>


<div class="shr-bookmarks shr-bookmarks-expand shr-bookmarks-center">
<ul class="socials">
		<li class="shr-comfeed">
			<a href="http://gilest.ro/2009/lots-of-smoke-hardly-any-gun-do-climatologists-falsify-data/feed" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Subscribe to the comments for this post?">Subscribe to the comments for this post?</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-delicious">
			<a href="http://delicious.com/post?url=http://gilest.ro/2009/lots-of-smoke-hardly-any-gun-do-climatologists-falsify-data/&amp;title=Lots+of+smoke%2C+hardly+any+gun.+Do+climatologists+falsify+data%3F" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Share this on del.icio.us">Share this on del.icio.us</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-digg">
			<a href="http://digg.com/submit?phase=2&amp;url=http://gilest.ro/2009/lots-of-smoke-hardly-any-gun-do-climatologists-falsify-data/&amp;title=Lots+of+smoke%2C+hardly+any+gun.+Do+climatologists+falsify+data%3F" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Digg this!">Digg this!</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-diigo">
			<a href="http://www.diigo.com/post?url=http://gilest.ro/2009/lots-of-smoke-hardly-any-gun-do-climatologists-falsify-data/&amp;title=Lots+of+smoke%2C+hardly+any+gun.+Do+climatologists+falsify+data%3F&amp;desc=One%20of%20climate%20change%20denialists%20favorite%20arguments%20concerns%20the%20fact%20that%20not%20always%20can%20weather%20station%20temperature%20data%20be%20used%20as%20raw.%20Sometimes%20they%20need%20to%20be%20adjusted.%20Adjustments%20are%20necessary%20in%20order%20to%20compensate%20with%20changes%20the%20happened%20over%20time%20either%20to%20the%20station%20itself%20or%20to%20the%20w" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Post this on Diigo">Post this on Diigo</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-googlebuzz">
			<a href="http://www.google.com/buzz/post?url=http://gilest.ro/2009/lots-of-smoke-hardly-any-gun-do-climatologists-falsify-data/&amp;imageurl=" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Post on Google Buzz">Post on Google Buzz</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-misterwong">
			<a href="http://www.mister-wong.com/addurl/?bm_url=http://gilest.ro/2009/lots-of-smoke-hardly-any-gun-do-climatologists-falsify-data/&amp;bm_description=Lots+of+smoke%2C+hardly+any+gun.+Do+climatologists+falsify+data%3F&amp;plugin=sexybookmarks" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Add this to Mister Wong">Add this to Mister Wong</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-mixx">
			<a href="http://www.mixx.com/submit?page_url=http://gilest.ro/2009/lots-of-smoke-hardly-any-gun-do-climatologists-falsify-data/&amp;title=Lots+of+smoke%2C+hardly+any+gun.+Do+climatologists+falsify+data%3F" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Share this on Mixx">Share this on Mixx</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-reddit">
			<a href="http://reddit.com/submit?url=http://gilest.ro/2009/lots-of-smoke-hardly-any-gun-do-climatologists-falsify-data/&amp;title=Lots+of+smoke%2C+hardly+any+gun.+Do+climatologists+falsify+data%3F" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Share this on Reddit">Share this on Reddit</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-stumbleupon">
			<a href="http://www.stumbleupon.com/submit?url=http://gilest.ro/2009/lots-of-smoke-hardly-any-gun-do-climatologists-falsify-data/&amp;title=Lots+of+smoke%2C+hardly+any+gun.+Do+climatologists+falsify+data%3F" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Stumble upon something good? Share it on StumbleUpon">Stumble upon something good? Share it on StumbleUpon</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-technorati">
			<a href="http://technorati.com/faves?add=http://gilest.ro/2009/lots-of-smoke-hardly-any-gun-do-climatologists-falsify-data/" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Share this on Technorati">Share this on Technorati</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-twitter">
			<a href="http://twitter.com/home?status=Lots+of+smoke%2C+hardly+any+gun.+Do+climatologists+falsify+data%3F+-+http://tinyurl.com/yjp4zaq&amp;source=shareaholic" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Tweet This!">Tweet This!</a>
		</li>
</ul>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
</div>

]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://gilest.ro/2009/lots-of-smoke-hardly-any-gun-do-climatologists-falsify-data/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>262</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Il surriscaldamento (globale) della blogosfera e il metodo scientifico.</title>
		<link>http://gilest.ro/2009/il-surriscaldamento-globale-della-blogosfera-e-il-metodo-scientifico/</link>
		<comments>http://gilest.ro/2009/il-surriscaldamento-globale-della-blogosfera-e-il-metodo-scientifico/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:42:41 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>gg</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[How Science works]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Italian]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[blog]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[climate change]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.gilestro.tk/?p=424</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Questo post nasce come commento al <a href="http://www.noisefromamerika.org/index.php/articles/Nella_cucina_della_ricerca_sull%E2%80%99ambiente#body">post di Aldo Rustichini su nFA</a>, ma è troppo lungo e troppo articolato e sta meglio qui. Dice Aldo che alcuni eventi recenti suggeriscono che “un ripensamento sulla evidenza disponibile sul Global Warming e’ consigliabile”. Perché non sono affattto d'accordo.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><b>Questo post e&#8217; pubblicato anche su <a href="http://www.noisefromamerika.org/index.php/articles/Il_surriscaldamento_%28globale%29_della_blogosfera_e_il_metodo_scientifico.#body">nFA</a>. Rimando li&#8217; per i commenti</b></p>
<p>Premessa: per capire le correzioni che cerco di fare in questo post, occorre prima aver letto <a href="http://www.noisefromamerika.org/index.php/articles/Nella_cucina_della_ricerca_sull%E2%80%99ambiente#body">il post in cui Aldo riassume</a> molto bene alcuni dei punti su cui ruota il negazionismo da blogosfera sul AGW.</p>
<p><em><strong>La mazza da Hockey.</strong></em></p>
<p>La mazza da Hockey è uno dei punti fissi dei negazionisti, cioé quel gruppo particolarmente attivo sulla blogosfera e su certi media che nega che il <em>climate change</em> esista o sia da attribure all&#8217;attività umana. Perché I negazionisti sono così interessati a questi grafici? Uno dei motivi è perché credono, come scrive Aldo, che:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>I grafici [<em>a mazza da Hockey</em>] sono la base scientifica del protocollo di Kyoto.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Questo non è propriamente vero. Il protocollo di Kyoto è nato per l&#8217;11 Dicembre del 1997, sulla base dei primi rapporti dell&#8217;IPCC che risalgono al 1990 e 1995 ( IPCC è l&#8217;ente scientifico sovra-governativo commissionato dalle Nazioni Unite). Il primo e più famoso grafico a mazza di hockey di Michael Mann e colleghi compare in letteratura l&#8217;anno dopo, nel <a href="http://www.meteo.psu.edu/%7Emann/shared/articles/mbh98.pdf">1998,</a> e entra quindi nell&#8217; IPCC solo nel terzo report, nel 2001. Le evidenze che hanno portato alla formazione dell&#8217;IPCC prima e hanno convinto della necessità del protocollo di Kyoto, poi, erano già ampie ben prima la comparsa della mazza da Hockey.</p>
<p>Il fattore principale che ha portato a IPCC e Kyoto è stata la constatazione che concentrazione di gas da effetto serra fosse aumentata nell&#8217;ultimo secolo; non esiste dubbio alcuno che l&#8217;effetto serra surriscaldi il pianeta: questa è fisica da libri di testo da almeno 150 anni (l&#8217;effetto serra è stato scoperto da <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect">Joseph Fourier</a> nel 1824 e il collegamento tra effetto serra e riscaldamento antropogenico è stato introdotto per la prima volta da <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a> nel 1890).</p>
<p>Perché quindi il grafico a mazza da Hockey riceve tutta questa attenzione tra i negazionisti? Probabilmente perché è molto semplice da capire per il pubblico: ha un colpo d&#8217;occhio sicuramente toccante e i media lo hanno usato tantissimo come simbolo dell&#8217; AGW. Lo stesso Al Gore ne fa un largo uso nel documentario “<em>An Inconvenient Truth</em>” durante <a href="http://imgur.com/dXC3K.jpg">la famosa scenetta della gru. </a></p>
<p>Chiarito quindi che, scientificamente, il sostegno ad AGW va ben oltre il grafico a mazza da Hockey, credo sia importante cercare di capire quale è il messaggio del grafico. Il paper originale di Mann si intitola “<em>Global-scale temperature patterns and climate forcing over the past six centuries</em>” cioé, appunto dal 1400 al 2000 come si vede nella<a href="http://imgur.com/S56Zb.png"> figura 1b</a> del lavoro originale. Perché solo 1400? Perché come è facile immaginare, risalire alla temperatura del globo indietro nel tempo non è così semplice e più distanti si va, maggiore diventa l&#8217;errore e l&#8217;approssimazione. Il succo di quel lavoro, però, è che sicuramente la temperatura dei giorni nostri è la più alta degli ultimi sei secoli. Notare che dopo aver messo le cose in questo contesto, diversi gruppi hanno lavorato alla ricostruzione paleclimatologica, ricorrendo a dati, metodi, approcci statistici e sperimentali completamente diversi da quello originale di Mann del 98.</p>
<p>Ad esempio, oggi abbiamo grafici a mazza da hockey basati su la linea di retrazione dei ghiacciai:</p>
<p><img src="http://imgur.com/6MvX1.jpg" alt="" width="554" height="441" /></p>
<p><em>Oerleman et al. Science 2005. <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/1107046v1">Extracting a Climate Signal from 169 Glacier Records”</a></em></p>
</p>
<p>basati sugli storici della temperatura del terreno (<em>borehole</em>, in inglese)</p>
<p><img src="http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/images/pollackreconbig.gif" alt="" width="445" height="379" /> <em></em></p>
<p><em>Pollack et al. Science 1998. <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5387/279">Climate change record in subsurface temperatures: a global perspective</a></em></p>
</p>
<p>basati sulla <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrochronology">dendrocronologia</a>, cioé la capacità di misurare la temperatura “leggendo” gli anelli dei tronchi (vedi arancione scuro e blu scuro):</p>
<p><img src="http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/images/osborn-briffa-2006-large.jpg" alt="" width="&lt;/p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Osborn et al. Science 2006. &lt;a href=" /><em></em></p>
<p><em>Osborn et al. Science 2006.<a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/311/5762/841"> The Spatial Extent of 20th-Century Warmth in the Context of the Past 1200 Years</a></em></p>
</p>
<p>Altri metodi usano coralli, alghe, registri di bordo dei grandi navigatori e via discorrendo.</p>
<p>Ovviamente tutti questi grafici, ottenuti indipendentemente da gruppi diversi, si sovrappongono bene con il grafico a mazza da hockey della concentrazione di CO2 calcolata coi carotaggi ai poli.</p>
</p>
<p><img src="http://cses.washington.edu/cig/figures/ipccar4co2.gif" alt="" width="265" height="240" /></p>
<p><em>Report IPCC 2007.</em></p>
</p>
<p>Credo che sia chiaro che tutte queste misurazioni indipendenti si rinforzano l&#8217;un con l&#8217;altra (2) e che vanno quindi lette in un quadro globale.</p>
<p>Detto questo, quale è il punto forte di queste analisi e quale il punto debole. Il punto forte è che risulta veramente incontrovertibile un aumento di temperatura nell&#8217;ultimo secolo rispetto ai precedenti. Il punto debole è che è difficile definire “precedenti” perché più si va indietro e più c&#8217;è variabilità. È comunque un argomento degno di approfondimento e per questo motivo altri studi sono stati condotti che cercano di estendere le letture il più possibile. Ne posta un esempio Aldo nel suo articolo (<a href="http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/pubs/ipcc2007/fig6-10b.png">figura 2, presa dal report IPCC</a>)  in cui si vedono letture eseguite con metodi diversi (ogni colore è un paper diverso).</p>
<p>Aldo usa quel grafico per riportare un punto ricorrente dei negazionisti, cioé che i cambiamenti climatici sono naturali e ciclici.  Afferma che quel grafico</p>
<blockquote><p>mostra chiaramente un andamento diverso da quello della figura precedente, con un aumento delle temperature negli anni successivi all’anno 1000.</p></blockquote>
<p>In realtà ciò non è vero e si vede anche solo ad occhio nudo:  (se vi funziona javascript, passate e togliete il mouse sulla figura successiva per vedere la sovrapposizione).</p>
<p><img onmouseover="this.src='http://imgur.com/MhA4w.jpg'" onmouseout="this.src='http://imgur.com/1kw9t.jpg' " src="http://imgur.com/1kw9t.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>e in particolare non c&#8217;è una grossa differenza nel cosiddetto periodo caldo medievale.</p>
<p><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/1000_Year_Temperature_Comparison.png" alt="" width="599" height="442" /></p>
</p>
<p>Pur ignorando le misure più fredde, le letture più calde (linea rossa e azzurrina) toccano e passano appena la linea tratteggiata di riferimento ad ascissa 0 nell&#8217;anno 1000. La temperatura attuale (linea nera, misurata coi termometri) sta ad ascissa 0.5 (notare che questi <strong>non</strong> sono gradi ma un misura di anomalia di temperatura). Quindi nessuna ciclicità e sulla base dei dati non è affatto giustificato quello che riporta Aldo e cioé che</p>
<blockquote><p>le temperature attuali sono tornate dove erano nel 1200.</p></blockquote>
<p>Non lo sono. A meno di non volere considerare per buoni solo I margini d&#8217;errore superiore ma non vedo perché farlo.</p>
<p>Per terminare questa parte, c&#8217;è una cosa che è importante sottolineare e cioé che il riscaldamento del 20esimo secolo è degno di nota principalmente per uno motivo e cioé che mentre gli andamenti dei secoli scorsi sono tutti spiegabili abbastanza bene con i soli fattori natural, il riscaldamento del 20esimo secolo, invece, si spiega soltanto con la variabile antropogenica (4).</p>
<p>Veniamo quindi alle presunte critiche <em>tecniche</em>.</p>
<p>Come dice Aldo, il primo lavoro di Mann sul grafico a mazza da Hockey, è stato criticato nel 2003 da McKitrick (un <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_McKitrick">economista</a> dell&#8217;Universita di Guelf, Ontario) e McIntyre (<a href="http://www.uoguelph.ca/%7Ermckitri/research/stevebio.doc">ex dipendente dell&#8217;industria mineraria, ora blogger</a>). McIntyre è particolarmente noto alla banda dei negazionisti perché è il gestore di un blog e di un forum web ( <a href="http://www.climateaudit.org/">climateaudit.org )</a>, dal quale partono molti degli attacchi ai climatologi. Le critiche di M&amp;M al paper di Mann (pubblicate su <a href="http://www.multi-science.co.uk/ee.htm">una rivista non peer-reviewed</a> nel 2003 e <a href="http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2005/2004GL021750.shtml">qui</a> nel 2004 ) riguardavano presunti errori statistici e sono state presto smentite prima dagli autori (<a href="http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2004/12/false-claims-by-mcintyre-and-mckitrick-regarding-the-mann-et-al-1998reconstruction/">qui</a> e poi <a href="http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2005/01/on-yet-another-false-claim-by-mcintyre-and-mckitrick/">qui</a>), poi da altri studi indipendenti (<a href="http://www.realclimate.org/RuthetalJClim2004.pdf">qui</a> e <a href="http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/ccr/ammann/millennium/CODES_MBH.html">qui</a>).</p>
<p>Col senno di poi, le smentite, benvenute, non sarebbero state in realtà neanche necessarie perché negli anni, la mazza da hockey è diventata sempre più una evidenza condivisa, riproposta da almeno una dozzina di altri gruppi, in maniera completamente indipendente utilizzando misure scorrelate (di alcune ho fatto esempi all&#8217;inizio di questo post).</p>
<p>McIntyre e McKitrick non hanno perso la propria verve, però, e hanno continuato con il lavoro di negazionisti. Sul blog.</p>
<p>Infatti quando Aldo dice che</p>
<blockquote><p>un famoso articolo di un membro del gruppo [del CRU], Keith Briffa, era stato sottoposto a severe critiche</p></blockquote>
<p>si riferisce di nuovo a McIntyre e McKitrick e ad un post sul loro <a href="http://www.climateaudit.org/?p=7168">blog</a> che cerca di smontare un lavoro di Briffa su Science del 2006 basato sulla rilevazione dendrocronologica (temperatura estrapolata nei cerchi nei tronchi). Onestamente, stiamo parlando di un post su un blog di negazionisti e la faccenda non meriterebbe particolare seguito qui su nFA ma visto che Aldo le definisce “severe critiche”, tocca chiarire. McIntyre decide, nel suo blog che gli alberi usati da Briffa sono stati selezionati a caso e preferisce sostituirli con altri:</p>
<blockquote><p>As a sensitivity test, I constructed a variation on the CRU data set, removing the 12 selected cores and replacing them with the 34 cores from the Schweingruber Yamal sample.</p></blockquote>
<p>Lo Schweingruber  Yamal sample è un campione che <a href="http://74.125.95.132/search?hl=en&amp;source=hp&amp;q=cache:http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/cru/people/briffa/yamal2009/&amp;btnG=Google+Search">nessuno usa perché non ancora caratterizzato</a>. La cosa ridicola è che il risultato delle nuove analisi di McIntrye è che l&#8217;hockey stick si appiattisce completamente (<a href="http://www.climateaudit.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/rcs_chronologies_rev2.gif">qui</a> linea rossa vs linea nera) contraddicendo, in questo modo, gli unici dati che solo un paranoico metterebbe in dubbio e cioé <strong>i dati strumentali</strong>:</p>
<p><img src="http://www.realclimate.org/images/had.jpg" alt="" width="533" height="438" /></p>
<p>Le registrazioni strumentali sono iniziate attorno al 1850. Le <em>severe critiche</em> di McIntrye non sono compatibili nemmeno col termometro.  <strong></strong></p>
</p>
<p><strong>La fuga di email.</strong></p>
<p>Veniamo ora al presunto punto di partenza: dei negazionisti si intrufulano sul server di posta del CRU e trafugano messaggi email dal 1996 ad oggi. Poi ne rilasciano circa un migliaio, leggibili <a href="http://www.eastangliaemails.com/index.php">qui</a>. Ovviamente la blogosfera dei negazionisti esplode e si trascina dietro una buona parte dei media classici. Viene fatta una lista delle email più scottanti; molte di queste sono emails in cui gli scienziati del CRU parlano con un certo livore dei negazionisti. Si può discutere se sia più o meno elegante usare la parola “coglione” riferendosi a un tipo come McIntyre in una conversazione privata (io lo farei senza problemi). Non mi sembra segno di frode. Altre email sono chiaramente scherzose (ad esempio in una un ricercatore dice qualcosa tipo “ma quale global warming e global warming, oggi fa un freddo matto”. Una rassegna delle emails più piccanti viene discussa <a href="http://pastebin.com/ff4d238b">qui</a> e <a href="http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2009/11/the-cru-hack/#more-1853">qui</a> da alcuni dei protagonisti (soprattutto nei commenti). Non credo questa sia la sede per discuterle una a una.  <strong></strong></p>
<p><strong>Occorre cambiare opinione?</strong></p>
<p>Direi proprio di no. Quando le cose sono spiegate, invece che riferite, prendono tutta un&#8217;altra piega. È il motivo per cui consiglio a chi avesse un genuino interesse nella materia ad approfondire direttamente alla fonte delle cose. Purtroppo l&#8217;argomento dell&#8217;AGW è uno degli argomenti affrontati in maniera meno professionale dalla stampa: di fronte ad un consenso scientifico <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/306/5702/1686">praticamente universale</a>, troviamo <a href="http://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/publications/downloads/boykoff04-gec.pdf">stampa</a> e <a href="http://www.gallup.com/poll/116590/increased-number-think-global-warming-exaggerated.aspx">pubblico</a> spezzati (soprattutto negli USA e meno in Europa per fortuna).</p>
<p>Su nFA abbiamo posts critici verso la stampa in continuazione (il tag <a href="http://www.noisefromamerika.org/index.php/keywords/giornalismo">giornalismo</a> è il secondo per numero di articoli) e nessuno si stupisce di frequenti  prese di posizione ideologiche in ambito economico. Perché dovremmo, per AGW, decidere di dare più fiducia alla stampa che non alla comunità scientifica?</p>
<p>I negazionisti non sono in grado di produrre materiale che regga il vaglio della comunità scientifica e la quasi totalità delle critiche viene mossa dalla blogosfera. La maggiorparte di queste critiche sono semplicemente ridicole (gli esempi di questo post spero siano utili a capirlo) ma hanno una presa enorme sul pubblico e sui media. Il dibattito acquisisce due livelli: uno, scientifico, che è anche molto controverso su alcuni dettagli (ad esempio contemporaneo, a quanto leggo, riguarda la controversia su quale sarà il ruolo di <em>El Nino</em> sul medio termine: più o meno pioggie torrenziali?) ma che è completamente ignorato. L&#8217;altro, quello che origina dalla blogosfera, guadagna una attenzione esagerata e arriva a trarre in inganno anche gente che, in altri argomenti, si distingue per sano scetticismo.</p>
<p><!-- 		@page { margin: 0.79in } 		P { margin-bottom: 0.08in } 		A:link { so-language: zxx } 	--></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in;">Note:</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in;">firmato ma non ratificato, pero&#8217;. 	La maggiorparte dei paesi ha ratificato solo dopo il 2001. Ad oggi 	187 paesi hanno ratificato Tokyo, 8 non hanno preso posizione e 1 	solo, gli USA, ha deciso di non ratificare – da <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kyoto_Protocol_signatories">qui.</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in;">E&#8217; un po&#8217; un esempio di cosa 	veramente vuol dire consenso, come cercavo di spiegare <a href="index.php?module=comments&amp;func=display&amp;cid=31741&amp;objectid=1492&amp;modid=151&amp;itemtype=1&amp;thread=1#d31741">in 	questo commento</a> nell&#8217;altra discussione.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in;">A dirla tutta, la denominazione 	stessa di periodo caldo e&#8217; tutt&#8217;altro che accettata e il report IPCC 	2007 precisa che “current evidence does not support globally 	synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this time 	frame, and the conventional terms of &#8216;Little Ice Age&#8217; and &#8216;Medieval 	Warm Period&#8217; appear to have limited utility in describing trends in 	hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries”</p>
</li>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in;">In chiusura di questa parte, 	segnalo una review, in inglese, decisamente accessibile a tutti 	(<a href="http://iri.columbia.edu/~goddard/EESC_W4400/CC/jones_mann_2004.pdf">qui</a>)</p>
</li>
</ol>


<div class="shr-bookmarks shr-bookmarks-expand shr-bookmarks-center">
<ul class="socials">
		<li class="shr-comfeed">
			<a href="http://gilest.ro/2009/il-surriscaldamento-globale-della-blogosfera-e-il-metodo-scientifico/feed" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Subscribe to the comments for this post?">Subscribe to the comments for this post?</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-delicious">
			<a href="http://delicious.com/post?url=http://gilest.ro/2009/il-surriscaldamento-globale-della-blogosfera-e-il-metodo-scientifico/&amp;title=Il+surriscaldamento+%28globale%29+della+blogosfera+e+il+metodo+scientifico." rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Share this on del.icio.us">Share this on del.icio.us</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-digg">
			<a href="http://digg.com/submit?phase=2&amp;url=http://gilest.ro/2009/il-surriscaldamento-globale-della-blogosfera-e-il-metodo-scientifico/&amp;title=Il+surriscaldamento+%28globale%29+della+blogosfera+e+il+metodo+scientifico." rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Digg this!">Digg this!</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-diigo">
			<a href="http://www.diigo.com/post?url=http://gilest.ro/2009/il-surriscaldamento-globale-della-blogosfera-e-il-metodo-scientifico/&amp;title=Il+surriscaldamento+%28globale%29+della+blogosfera+e+il+metodo+scientifico.&amp;desc=Questo%20post%20nasce%20come%20commento%20al%20post%20di%20Aldo%20Rustichini%20su%20nFA%2C%20ma%20%C3%A8%20troppo%20lungo%20e%20troppo%20articolato%20e%20sta%20meglio%20qui.%20Dice%20Aldo%20che%20alcuni%20eventi%20recenti%20suggeriscono%20che%20%E2%80%9Cun%20ripensamento%20sulla%20evidenza%20disponibile%20sul%20Global%20Warming%20e%E2%80%99%20consigliabile%E2%80%9D.%20Perch%C3%A9%20non%20sono%20affattto%20d%27accordo." rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Post this on Diigo">Post this on Diigo</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-googlebuzz">
			<a href="http://www.google.com/buzz/post?url=http://gilest.ro/2009/il-surriscaldamento-globale-della-blogosfera-e-il-metodo-scientifico/&amp;imageurl=" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Post on Google Buzz">Post on Google Buzz</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-misterwong">
			<a href="http://www.mister-wong.com/addurl/?bm_url=http://gilest.ro/2009/il-surriscaldamento-globale-della-blogosfera-e-il-metodo-scientifico/&amp;bm_description=Il+surriscaldamento+%28globale%29+della+blogosfera+e+il+metodo+scientifico.&amp;plugin=sexybookmarks" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Add this to Mister Wong">Add this to Mister Wong</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-mixx">
			<a href="http://www.mixx.com/submit?page_url=http://gilest.ro/2009/il-surriscaldamento-globale-della-blogosfera-e-il-metodo-scientifico/&amp;title=Il+surriscaldamento+%28globale%29+della+blogosfera+e+il+metodo+scientifico." rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Share this on Mixx">Share this on Mixx</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-reddit">
			<a href="http://reddit.com/submit?url=http://gilest.ro/2009/il-surriscaldamento-globale-della-blogosfera-e-il-metodo-scientifico/&amp;title=Il+surriscaldamento+%28globale%29+della+blogosfera+e+il+metodo+scientifico." rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Share this on Reddit">Share this on Reddit</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-stumbleupon">
			<a href="http://www.stumbleupon.com/submit?url=http://gilest.ro/2009/il-surriscaldamento-globale-della-blogosfera-e-il-metodo-scientifico/&amp;title=Il+surriscaldamento+%28globale%29+della+blogosfera+e+il+metodo+scientifico." rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Stumble upon something good? Share it on StumbleUpon">Stumble upon something good? Share it on StumbleUpon</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-technorati">
			<a href="http://technorati.com/faves?add=http://gilest.ro/2009/il-surriscaldamento-globale-della-blogosfera-e-il-metodo-scientifico/" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Share this on Technorati">Share this on Technorati</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-twitter">
			<a href="http://twitter.com/home?status=Il+surriscaldamento+%28globale%29+della+blogosfera+e+il+metodo+scientifico.+-+http://tinyurl.com/yfcpldg&amp;source=shareaholic" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Tweet This!">Tweet This!</a>
		</li>
</ul>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
</div>

]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://gilest.ro/2009/il-surriscaldamento-globale-della-blogosfera-e-il-metodo-scientifico/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>1</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>L&#8217;influenza H1N1 del 2009</title>
		<link>http://gilest.ro/2009/linfluenza-h1n1-del-2009/</link>
		<comments>http://gilest.ro/2009/linfluenza-h1n1-del-2009/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 20 Nov 2009 15:45:45 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>gg</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[How Science works]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Italian]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[blog]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Divulgation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[review]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.gilestro.tk/?p=427</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Si parla tanto di influenza e vaccini, ultimamente. Provo a farlo anche io, cercando di mettere enfasi sulle cose che raramente vengono dette in altre sedi. Parto con lo spiegare alcuni dei punti fondamentali della biologia dell'influenza, per capire (semplificando un po'). Siccome il fulcro principale di tutto il circo mediatico ruota attorno alla pericolosità del virus, mi soffermerò sui meccanismi che lo rendono pericoloso.
<blockquote>Posto originariamente pubblicato su <a href="http://www.noisefromamerika.org/index.php/articles/L%27influenza_H1N1_del_2009#body">noisefromamerika.org</a>; andare li' per i commenti.</blockquote>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>
<p><strong>Il virus dell&#8217; Influenza – principi di virologia e immunologia.</strong></p>
<p>I primi documenti che segnalano i sintomi di una epidemia di influenza risalgono al 412 AC, ad opera di Ippocrate<sup>1</sup>. Il termine influenza viene utilizzato per la prima volta circa 2000 anni dopo, in Italia, per descrivere quei malanni più o meno ricorrenti che, come molti altri eventi, sembravano essere <em>influenzati</em> dagli influssi astrali. Il termine italiano è rimasto nell&#8217;uso scientifico e anche in inglese al giorno d&#8217;oggi si parla di <em>influenza virus. </em> Dal punto di vista biologico, un virus influenzale è un virus molto semplice: composto da una decina di proteine, ognuna delle quali si occupa di un ruolo specifico<sup>2</sup>. Le proteine HA e NA, per esempio, sono le più importanti proteine sulla superficie del virus e il loro ruolo è quello di riconoscere “al tatto” una cellula ospite – cioé la possibile vittima &#8211; funzionando un po&#8217; come chiavi per serrature. Essendo però in superficie, HA e NA<sup>3</sup> costituiscono anche il tallone d&#8217;achille del virus perché sono il bersaglio principale della risposta anticorpale.</p>
</p>
<p><img src="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/picrender.fcgi?book=mmed&amp;part=A3066&amp;blobname=ch58f2.jpg" alt="" width="400" /></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><em>Rappresentazione schematica di un virus dell&#8217;influenza. Le proteine Neuraminidasi (NA) e Emaglutinina (HA) sono i principali antigeni (<sup>4</sup>)</em></p>
<p>Il sistema immunitario dei mammiferi è adattivo, cioé impara con l&#8217;esperienza: una volta messo in contatto con un agente estraneo, sviluppa proteine altamente specifiche dette anticorpi. Quando prodotti in quantità sufficiente, gli anticorpi ricoprono l&#8217;agente infettivo e lo marchiano per la distruzione da parte delle cellule del sistema immunitario. È il motivo per cui, in un organismo sano, molte malattie infettive si prendono soltanto una volta nella vita (morbillo o orecchioni sono un esempio noto). Ogni vaccino sfrutta proprio queste proprietà: ci si inietta in corpo una versione del virus innocua o indebolita, che possieda le proteine di superficie in modo da stimolare gli anticorpi ma che non sia abbastanza virulenta da scatenare la vera malattia.  La specificità della risposta anticorpale, però, fa sì che talvolta sia sufficiente cambiare anche di poco la forma delle proteine di superficie affinché gli anticorpi non le riconoscano con la stessa efficienza.</p>
<p>Il virus dell&#8217;influenza sfrutta questa debolezza e tende a mutare utilizzando due fenomeni: mutazioni spontanee e minori dette di <strong>deriva antigenica</strong> (<em>antigenic drift</em>) e ricombinazioni, cioé mutazioni molto più sostanziose che cambiano completamente l&#8217;aspetto del virus (<strong>spostamento antigenico</strong> o<em> antigenic shift</em>).</p>
<p>Nella deriva antigenica, il virus cambia gradualmente e casualmente finché la sorte non introduce un numero di mutazioni che sono allo stesso tempo limitate abbastanza da non interferire troppo con la funzione del virus e diversificanti abbastanza per scappare anche solo parzialmente alla risposta immunitaria. La deriva antigenica è responsabile dell&#8217;avvento dell&#8217;epidemia stagionale, cioé quella che si verifica ogni anno. Una parte consistente del virus dell&#8217;influenza stagionale che è circolato negli ultimi decenni è una versione riveduta e corretta dello stesso virus che ha creato una pandemia nel 1968 (detto Hong Kong, variante H3N2). L&#8217;influenza suina di questi mesi sarà probabilmente una delle basi su cui si costruiranno i virus stagionali per i prossimi anni o decenni. Così via fino alla prossima pandemia.</p>
<p><img style="vertical-align: middle;" src="http://imgur.com/BgDJS.png" alt="" /></p>
<p><em>Nuovi ceppi che hanno originato pandemie recenti. Dopo l&#8217;esplosione iniziale, il virus rimane per anni e modificandosi contribuisce ad aumentare il bacino dei virus cosiddetti stagionali <sup>5</sup>.</em></p>
<p>È importante sottolineare che mutazioni avvengono continuamente<sup>6 </sup>ma fortunatamente la stragrande maggioranza delle mutazioni di deriva antigenica è dannosa per il virus stesso. Alcune sono silenti e altre ancora hanno pochissimo effetto. Perché sia realmente pericoloso, un virus mutato deve avere a) un vantaggio selettivo contro tutti gli altri miliardi di virus nell&#8217;organismo, di modo da prendere il sopravvento, b)  riuscire ad uscire dal corpo ed infettare qualcun altro per propagarsi. Ogni anno, solo in Italia, vengono identificate decine di mutazioni<sup>7</sup>.  Queste piccole continue mutazioni permettono al ceppo virale di non estinguersi e ripresentarsi di anno in anno al nostro organismo. Allo stesso tempo, il fatto che il virus stagionale sia solo minimamente diverso, lo rende anche relativamente meno pericoloso. Dico relativamente perché i numeri non sono  altissimi ma sono sicuramente degni di nota: tra il 5% e il 20% della popolazione si ammala di influenza ogni anno, con un tasso di mortalità di circa 0.1%. Vuol dire circa 3000-12000 morti all&#8217;anno solo in Italia. Viste queste cifre, perché quindi tutto questo baccano per il virus dell&#8217;influenza suina che finora ha fatto in Italia meno di 70 morti (equivalente ad un tasso di mortalità dello 0.0029%)<sup>7</sup>?</p>
<p>Perché quella che ora chiamiamo H1N1 è una pandemia scaturita non da una deriva antigenica ma da uno spostamento antigenico. Gli spostamenti antigenici sono decisamente più rari e si verificano quando lo stesso ospite (ad esempio un maiale) è infettato contemporaneamente da due virus diversi: uno che di solito colpisce solo i maiali e uno che di solito colpisce solo l&#8217;uomo ma che per un processo di mutazioni è riuscito ad entrare, seppur timidamente, all&#8217;interno delle cellule suine.</p>
<p><img style="vertical-align: text-bottom;" src="http://imgur.com/br8nX.png" alt="" width="400" /></p>
<p><em>Una delle differenze più evidenti del nuovo H1N1 appare guardando il periodo di diffusione del virus. Un segno di diverse capacità infettive rispetto ai ceppi stagionali. Notare che proprio per la diversa tempistica, il 99% del virus che circola in questo periodo è 2009H1N1. La stagionale arriverà più avanti come gli altri anni.  Fonte: <a href="http://www.iss.it/iflu/risu/cont.php?id=141&amp;lang=1&amp;tipo=5">Istituto Superiore di Sanità.</a></em></p>
<p>I danni <em>potenziali</em> di un nuovo ceppo creato attraverso spostamento antigenico sono enormi. Basti pensare che l&#8217;influenza cosiddetta spagnola, che si crede essere originata in questo modo (anche essa un&#8217;influenza H1N1), colpì apparentemente il 30% della popolazione con un tasso di mortalità del 10-20%. Tra 50 e 100 milioni di morti in due stagioni: più della guerra e più della peste nera nel medioevo. Più morti di influenza spagnola in 25 settimane che di HIV in 25 anni.</p>
<p>Ogni nuova pandemia ha, in principio, la stesso rischio di diventare altamente pericolosa. Certo a distanza di quasi un secolo le nostre capacità di affrontare l&#8217;epidemia sono diverse: esistono unità di terapia intensiva che una volta non esistevano; inoltre la popolazione non è stremata dalla guerra come nel 1918. Però è anche vero che si viaggia molto di più e quindi ci si dovrebbe aspettare una pandemia con velocità ben più alta, magari esplosiva abbastanza per saturare gli ospedali. In sostanza, non potendo prevedere a priori la pericolosità di un possibile spostamento antigenico, l&#8217;OMS ha il dovere di lanciare l&#8217;allarme e prepararsi al peggio. È difficile farlo senza scatenare il panico, però, o senza fare la figura di quello che grida “al lupo al lupo”. Impossibile farlo se non si riesce a spiegare che un nuovo virus dell&#8217;influenza comporta un rischio <em>potenzialmente</em> altissimo per la società. La parola chiave, qui, è &quot;potenziale&quot;.</p>
<p><strong>Lo stato attuale delle cose.</strong></p>
<p>Il nuovo H1N1 (chiamato appunto 2009 H1N1) è in giro da diversi mesi. Non sembra certo avere la pericolosità di una nuova influenza spagnola. A dirla tutta, sembra essere meno pericoloso della solita influenza stagionale. Quindi viene spontaneo porgersi alcune domande.</p>
<p>La prima: l&#8217;abbiamo scampata? Probabilmente sì. Ormai siamo in <a href="http://www.google.org/flutrends/us/">piena fase discendente della diffusione del virus</a>. Il rischio che il virus evolva in una forma più pericolosa esiste sempre ma è probabilmente simile a quello che si corre ogni anno con la normale influenza. L&#8217;unico dubbio che rimane è cosa succederebbe se influenza stagionale e influenza H1N1 co-infettassero gli stessi soggetti. Una nuova ricombinazione sarebbe molto probabile e potenzialmente pericolosa.</p>
<p>La seconda: l&#8217;allarme era ingiustificato? No. È innegabile che questo sia un nuovo ceppo virale. Sarebbe stato impossibile prevedere fin dall&#8217;inizio l&#8217;esatta pericolosità. La cautela era d&#8217;obbligo.</p>
<p>La terza: han fatto bene (o fanno bene) i media a titolare in prima pagina ogni singola morte? Certo che no. I numeri parlano chiaro e non giustificano il panico.</p>
<p>La quarta: quindi, vaccinarsi non serve a nulla? Sbagliato. Vaccinarsi serve almeno tanto quanto serve vaccinarsi contro la normale influenza stagionale. Anche se, cumulativamente, il rischio di complicazioni o di fatalità legato a <em>2009H1N1</em> è più basso dell&#8217;influenza stagionale, la distribuzione del rischio rimane comunque differenziata in base alla categoria di appartenenza. Soggetti con malattie croniche (soprattutto polmonari) o donne incinte, ad esempio, hanno un rischio di complicazione significativamente più alto. Considerando che gli effetti collaterali della vaccinazione sono infinitesimali, la scelta dovrebbe essere semplice. Proprio le donne incinte, ad esempio, hanno un rischio decisamente più alto di qualsiasi altra categoria, benché storicamente rappresentino la categoria più restia alla vaccinazione(<sup>8</sup>). Purtroppo a qualcuno piace diffondere anche panico da vaccino, come se non bastasse il panico da H1N1.</p>
<ol>
<li> Descritta come “La Tosse di Perinto” &#8211; VI libro delle Epidemie del Corpus Hippocraticum. </li>
<li> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=mmed">Medical 	Microbiology</a>. Baron, Samuel, (editor). </li>
<li> Per dare un&#8217;idea della misura 	della complessità, si pensi che un organismo unicellulare semplice, come il lievito della birra, ha bisogno di circa 7000 proteine per funzionare. </li>
<li> HA e NA danno il nome ai vari ceppi virali. H1N1, ad esempio, significa variante 1 di HA e variante 1 di NA. Il virus dell&#8217;influenza stagionale è per lo più H3N2; l&#8217;asiatica è H2N2. </li>
<li> Da <a href="http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v10/n12s/full/nm1141.html">&quot;Influenza: old and new threats.&quot; Nature Medicine 2004.</a> </li>
<li> Il tasso di mutazione è di 1-2 x 10<sup>-5</sup> per ciclo di infezione. Vuol dire diverse migliaia di virus mutati all&#8217;interno di ciascuno di noi. </li>
<li> <a href="http://www.ministerosalute.it/dettaglio/principaleFocusNuovo.jsp?id=13&amp;area=influenza">Dati</a> del ministero della Salute. <a href="http://flutracker.rhizalabs.com/">Qui</a> una mappa mondiale della diffusione dei casi accertati. </li>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&amp;_udi=B6T1B-4WW400V-1&amp;_user=10&amp;_coverDate=08/14/2009&amp;_rdoc=1&amp;_fmt=high&amp;_orig=browse&amp;_cdi=4886&amp;_sort=d&amp;_docanchor=&amp;view=c&amp;_ct=1&amp;_refLink=Y&amp;_acct=C000050221&amp;_version=1&amp;_urlVersion=0&amp;_userid=10&amp;md5=ce52c7ea5d5ea3e5191bdf80016a28f0">H1N1 	2009 influenza virus infection during pregnancy in the USA</a>. The 	Lancet, 2009</p>
</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>


<div class="shr-bookmarks shr-bookmarks-expand shr-bookmarks-center">
<ul class="socials">
		<li class="shr-comfeed">
			<a href="http://gilest.ro/2009/linfluenza-h1n1-del-2009/feed" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Subscribe to the comments for this post?">Subscribe to the comments for this post?</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-delicious">
			<a href="http://delicious.com/post?url=http://gilest.ro/2009/linfluenza-h1n1-del-2009/&amp;title=L%27influenza+H1N1+del+2009" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Share this on del.icio.us">Share this on del.icio.us</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-digg">
			<a href="http://digg.com/submit?phase=2&amp;url=http://gilest.ro/2009/linfluenza-h1n1-del-2009/&amp;title=L%27influenza+H1N1+del+2009" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Digg this!">Digg this!</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-diigo">
			<a href="http://www.diigo.com/post?url=http://gilest.ro/2009/linfluenza-h1n1-del-2009/&amp;title=L%27influenza+H1N1+del+2009&amp;desc=Si%20parla%20tanto%20di%20influenza%20e%20vaccini%2C%20ultimamente.%20Provo%20a%20farlo%20anche%20io%2C%20cercando%20di%20mettere%20enfasi%20sulle%20cose%20che%20raramente%20vengono%20dette%20in%20altre%20sedi.%20Parto%20con%20lo%20spiegare%20alcuni%20dei%20punti%20fondamentali%20della%20biologia%20dell%27influenza%2C%20per%20capire%20%28semplificando%20un%20po%27%29.%20Siccome%20il%20fulcro%20principale%20di%20tutto%20il%20circo%20mediatico%20ruota%20attorno%20alla%20pericolosit%C3%A0%20del%20virus%2C%20mi%20soffermer%C3%B2%20sui%20meccanismi%20che%20lo%20rendono%20pericoloso.%0D%0APosto%20originariamente%20pubblicato%20su%20noisefromamerika.org%3B%20andare%20li%27%20per%20i%20commenti." rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Post this on Diigo">Post this on Diigo</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-googlebuzz">
			<a href="http://www.google.com/buzz/post?url=http://gilest.ro/2009/linfluenza-h1n1-del-2009/&amp;imageurl=" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Post on Google Buzz">Post on Google Buzz</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-misterwong">
			<a href="http://www.mister-wong.com/addurl/?bm_url=http://gilest.ro/2009/linfluenza-h1n1-del-2009/&amp;bm_description=L%27influenza+H1N1+del+2009&amp;plugin=sexybookmarks" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Add this to Mister Wong">Add this to Mister Wong</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-mixx">
			<a href="http://www.mixx.com/submit?page_url=http://gilest.ro/2009/linfluenza-h1n1-del-2009/&amp;title=L%27influenza+H1N1+del+2009" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Share this on Mixx">Share this on Mixx</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-reddit">
			<a href="http://reddit.com/submit?url=http://gilest.ro/2009/linfluenza-h1n1-del-2009/&amp;title=L%27influenza+H1N1+del+2009" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Share this on Reddit">Share this on Reddit</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-stumbleupon">
			<a href="http://www.stumbleupon.com/submit?url=http://gilest.ro/2009/linfluenza-h1n1-del-2009/&amp;title=L%27influenza+H1N1+del+2009" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Stumble upon something good? Share it on StumbleUpon">Stumble upon something good? Share it on StumbleUpon</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-technorati">
			<a href="http://technorati.com/faves?add=http://gilest.ro/2009/linfluenza-h1n1-del-2009/" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Share this on Technorati">Share this on Technorati</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-twitter">
			<a href="http://twitter.com/home?status=L%27influenza+H1N1+del+2009+-+http://tinyurl.com/yjm855b&amp;source=shareaholic" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Tweet This!">Tweet This!</a>
		</li>
</ul>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
</div>

]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://gilest.ro/2009/linfluenza-h1n1-del-2009/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>What I Think About When I Think About Manuscripts &#8211; I, Editor &#8211; Henry Gee&#8217;s blog on Nature Network</title>
		<link>http://gilest.ro/2009/what-i-think-about-when-i-think-about-manuscripts-i-editor-henry-gees-blog-on-nature-network/</link>
		<comments>http://gilest.ro/2009/what-i-think-about-when-i-think-about-manuscripts-i-editor-henry-gees-blog-on-nature-network/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 09 May 2009 17:34:58 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>gg</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[How Science works]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[blog]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.gilestro.tk/?p=258</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Perhaps what I am getting at is that scientific papers tend to be static. The best literature – of any kind – has a beginning, a middle and an end, in which the protagonists undertake some kind of journey, whether geographical or spiritual, and are changed by their experiences. In scientific papers, the results often [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><p>Perhaps what I am getting at is that scientific papers tend to be static. The best literature – of any kind – has a beginning, a middle and an end, in which the protagonists undertake some kind of journey, whether geographical or spiritual, and are changed by their experiences. In scientific papers, the results often give us no clue to the back story – the reason why the researchers were studying this system or that, and the tale of chances and mistakes and serendipity that led them to that point. The only readable parts tend to be the introduction, in which literature is summarized (a classic case of telling but not showing) and the discussion (in which the new result is integrated into what is already known).</p></blockquote>
<p>via <a href="http://network.nature.com/people/henrygee/blog/2009/05/01/what-i-think-about-when-i-think-about-manuscripts">What I Think About When I Think About Manuscripts &#8211; I, Editor &#8211; Henry Gee&#8217;s blog on Nature Network</a>.</p>


<div class="shr-bookmarks shr-bookmarks-expand shr-bookmarks-center">
<ul class="socials">
		<li class="shr-comfeed">
			<a href="http://gilest.ro/2009/what-i-think-about-when-i-think-about-manuscripts-i-editor-henry-gees-blog-on-nature-network/feed" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Subscribe to the comments for this post?">Subscribe to the comments for this post?</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-delicious">
			<a href="http://delicious.com/post?url=http://gilest.ro/2009/what-i-think-about-when-i-think-about-manuscripts-i-editor-henry-gees-blog-on-nature-network/&amp;title=What+I+Think+About+When+I+Think+About+Manuscripts+-+I%2C+Editor+-+Henry+Gee%27s+blog+on+Nature+Network" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Share this on del.icio.us">Share this on del.icio.us</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-digg">
			<a href="http://digg.com/submit?phase=2&amp;url=http://gilest.ro/2009/what-i-think-about-when-i-think-about-manuscripts-i-editor-henry-gees-blog-on-nature-network/&amp;title=What+I+Think+About+When+I+Think+About+Manuscripts+-+I%2C+Editor+-+Henry+Gee%27s+blog+on+Nature+Network" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Digg this!">Digg this!</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-diigo">
			<a href="http://www.diigo.com/post?url=http://gilest.ro/2009/what-i-think-about-when-i-think-about-manuscripts-i-editor-henry-gees-blog-on-nature-network/&amp;title=What+I+Think+About+When+I+Think+About+Manuscripts+-+I%2C+Editor+-+Henry+Gee%27s+blog+on+Nature+Network&amp;desc=Perhaps%20what%20I%20am%20getting%20at%20is%20that%20scientific%20papers%20tend%20to%20be%20static.%20The%20best%20literature%20%E2%80%93%20of%20any%20kind%20%E2%80%93%20has%20a%20beginning%2C%20a%20middle%20and%20an%20end%2C%20in%20which%20the%20protagonists%20undertake%20some%20kind%20of%20journey%2C%20whether%20geographical%20or%20spiritual%2C%20and%20are%20changed%20by%20their%20experiences.%20In%20scientific%20pap" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Post this on Diigo">Post this on Diigo</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-googlebuzz">
			<a href="http://www.google.com/buzz/post?url=http://gilest.ro/2009/what-i-think-about-when-i-think-about-manuscripts-i-editor-henry-gees-blog-on-nature-network/&amp;imageurl=" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Post on Google Buzz">Post on Google Buzz</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-misterwong">
			<a href="http://www.mister-wong.com/addurl/?bm_url=http://gilest.ro/2009/what-i-think-about-when-i-think-about-manuscripts-i-editor-henry-gees-blog-on-nature-network/&amp;bm_description=What+I+Think+About+When+I+Think+About+Manuscripts+-+I%2C+Editor+-+Henry+Gee%27s+blog+on+Nature+Network&amp;plugin=sexybookmarks" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Add this to Mister Wong">Add this to Mister Wong</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-mixx">
			<a href="http://www.mixx.com/submit?page_url=http://gilest.ro/2009/what-i-think-about-when-i-think-about-manuscripts-i-editor-henry-gees-blog-on-nature-network/&amp;title=What+I+Think+About+When+I+Think+About+Manuscripts+-+I%2C+Editor+-+Henry+Gee%27s+blog+on+Nature+Network" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Share this on Mixx">Share this on Mixx</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-reddit">
			<a href="http://reddit.com/submit?url=http://gilest.ro/2009/what-i-think-about-when-i-think-about-manuscripts-i-editor-henry-gees-blog-on-nature-network/&amp;title=What+I+Think+About+When+I+Think+About+Manuscripts+-+I%2C+Editor+-+Henry+Gee%27s+blog+on+Nature+Network" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Share this on Reddit">Share this on Reddit</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-stumbleupon">
			<a href="http://www.stumbleupon.com/submit?url=http://gilest.ro/2009/what-i-think-about-when-i-think-about-manuscripts-i-editor-henry-gees-blog-on-nature-network/&amp;title=What+I+Think+About+When+I+Think+About+Manuscripts+-+I%2C+Editor+-+Henry+Gee%27s+blog+on+Nature+Network" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Stumble upon something good? Share it on StumbleUpon">Stumble upon something good? Share it on StumbleUpon</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-technorati">
			<a href="http://technorati.com/faves?add=http://gilest.ro/2009/what-i-think-about-when-i-think-about-manuscripts-i-editor-henry-gees-blog-on-nature-network/" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Share this on Technorati">Share this on Technorati</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-twitter">
			<a href="http://twitter.com/home?status=What+I+Think+About+When+I+Think+About+Manuscripts+-+I%2C+Editor+-+Henry+Gee%27s+blog%5B..%5D+-+http://tinyurl.com/yk6k8b5&amp;source=shareaholic" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Tweet This!">Tweet This!</a>
		</li>
</ul>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
</div>

]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://gilest.ro/2009/what-i-think-about-when-i-think-about-manuscripts-i-editor-henry-gees-blog-on-nature-network/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Wikipedia, Citizendium, Frankenstein and the golem.</title>
		<link>http://gilest.ro/2006/wikipedia-citizendium-frankenstein-and-the-golem/</link>
		<comments>http://gilest.ro/2006/wikipedia-citizendium-frankenstein-and-the-golem/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 25 Oct 2006 20:46:24 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>gg</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[How Science works]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[blog]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.cafelamarck.it/21/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Everybody knows Wikipedia so no need for introduction. Let&#8217;s just say that of the many very different opinions I have heard about it &#8211; placeable everywhere in the range from most celebratory to destructive &#8211; there is a quote that I find very attractive: Wikipedia should not work, but it does! This quote, which I [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/john/15327066/"><img title="[image by fd]" alt="[image by fd]" src="http://static.flickr.com/8/15327066_4f66fd82f2_m.jpg" /></a>Everybody knows Wikipedia so no need for introduction. Let&#8217;s just say that of the many very different opinions I have heard about it &#8211; placeable everywhere in the range from most celebratory to destructive &#8211; there is a quote that I find very attractive:</p>
<blockquote><p>Wikipedia should not work, but it does!</p></blockquote>
<p>This quote, which I believe is attributable to one of the fathers of wikpedia, Larry Sanger, says much about the on-line encyclopedia:</p>
<ul>Wikipedia is an experiment. A crazy one. Most people would have thought that the wiki affair would have been a failure but in fact it is now after only few years the biggest encyclopedia available nowadays.</ul>
<ul>Nobody really knows how and why wikipedia works.<span id="more-199"></span> This is due to the fact that very little attention has been put in a meta-study about wikipedia itself. I believe the reason for that is that even the hard core wikipedians didn&#8217;t expect such an enormous growth in such a little time and so underestimated the importance of investigating the growth itself. This is a pity: it is an example of how not to run an experiment. You always want to have the situation under control and know any given time how the variables are affecting your system. For this wikipedia fails. There is not a systematic study of who is writing wikipedia (with <a href="http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/whowriteswikipedia">one notable exception</a>), of who is reading wikipedia, what is listed in wikipedia and, most important, how reliable wikipedia is (except a <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7070/full/438900a.html">well known preliminary study</a>).</ul>
<p>So, now the monster wikipedia is alive. There is no way to control it or to stop it, says someone: the community became radical, self conservative, self proud and especially close to external inputs. For this reason the only way to have wikipedia evolve is to act radically and, in the best tradition of monster movies, try to kill it: this is <a href="http://www.citizendium.org/">Citizendium</a>.  (pull)Citizendium (CZ) should work better than wikipedia for one fundamental reason: people who write on CZ should be <em>better</em>. (/pull)The problem, apparently, is that the great degree of anarchism on which wikipedia is built has made life to easy to those who are having fun spoiling the party (trolls and vandals) and to those who do not possess enough knowledge of the scientific method to participate to a scientific opera (see for instance the eternal debate of creationist, political active people etc who often cannot distinguish empiric evidences from opinions). The proliferation of this group would scare off people who are not used or do not want to deal with them and this would lead to a disequilibrium rewarding people you don&#8217;t want and scaring away people you&#8217;d like to contribute.  For this reason Citizendium will try to attract and give more power to those who, theoretically, you should expect to see writing in an encyclopedia, namely the academics. So, the new rules proposed for CZ are the following:</p>
<ul>1. no anonymity, no nicknames, only real name. This is not a game, we are serious here. Take your responsibility and qualify yourself for what you are.</ul>
<ul>2. to become an editor, you need to qualify as an expert. Of course debate is going on on what exactly is an expert</ul>
<p>Will these two basic rules change the whole system enough to guarantee credibility and at the same time allow substantial growth?  I thought of joining CZ simply because I believe that the WP-CZ affair has become too important to just sit and watch what others are doing (at least when one has actually the ability to model it and try to change things). I must say, I think there are many structural flaws in the actual project but on the other hand this is what a blue print is for so I will try to give my share of opinion.</p>
<ol>
<li>Actual contents of CZ</li>
<li>Internal vs. external references</li>
<li>Vandalism and real names</li>
<li>Be creative and innovative in providing contents</li>
<li>Keep a schedule and monitor yourself</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>1. Actual contents of CZ</strong><br />
CZ&#8217;s first characteristics should be: be believable, be serious. We want readers to know they can rely on the kind of information the find on CZ. This is a *huge responsibility* and should be always taken as first objective and never forgotten. CZ&#8217;s plan is to offer credibility using expertise of people in the academy. Now, for this very reason I think we should recognize that this takes away from the project that kind of knowledge for which you&#8217;ll never find expertise in the University. That means that CZ should not and cannot be a fork or a mirror of WP in the first place because we all know that WP is, on the other hand, excellent in providing details about extra-academic contents. There are, I believe, dozens of pages about every recent TV-series on WP, describing everything from the plot to the psyche of the characters; there are dozens of pages with biographies of Hollywood film stars etc. This pages (which are probably an important core of WP) should not be included. They do not belong to the expertise we want to offer and they actually arm us: we have no control on them, they take resources (human and technical) and give to CZ no advantage compared to WP (meaning, editorially is a bad choice)I already saw on the pilot project a list of biographies of movie stars. Why would I, user, need to go to CZ rather than WP for checking out details about Britney Spears?<br />
<strong>2. Internal vs. external references</strong><br />
The recruiting process is still in a very alpha phase. I didn&#8217;t like what I have read so far because it seems to brake one of the fundamental rules of community building which is: never mix up things belonging to the different worlds. I will make this point clear &#8217;cause is very important, although it should be well known to all readers here. CZ, WP, the free masonry, this ML, are all examples of closed communities. We want to transform CZ into an extension of the real world but this is a very courageous action: history should have taught us that different people behave in different ways when they are up to different activities. I could be a great researcher but the worst teacher at the same time (or viceversa) although my job requires both &#8211; I could do wonderful creative job but being completely unable to expose myself in a convincing way in a conference (or viceversa). Credentials should be always taken according to the job you want people to accomplish: here you are &#8220;hiring&#8221; editors asking them a CV for &#8220;academics&#8221;. This is like hiring a gardener based on his CV as cook (well, not as much but almost).  Now, historically, closed communities have solved the problem of sorting people in two ways:     a) using internal-internal references (i.e. experience acquired  within the system, like &#8216;<em>ordos</em>&#8216; for free masonry or post experience for a webforum)     b) using internal-external references; (i.e. an extension of a) where expert users take the responsibility to guarantee for new users).  CZ proposal is to use external-external references (i.e. the CV) and this is no good. This could be done to filter access of people on a first place (*although I believe is a bad idea*) but then should be immediately integrated to system a). It is true that with this system we may find again in a situation where a full professor may be turned down by a grad student but the bottomline is that sometimes this *should* happen. If this never happens then it means something is wrong.</p>
<p><strong>3. Fighting vandalism using real identities</strong><br />
Fighting vandalism is another keypoint of CZ. This is again a big responsibility because we all know that characteristics of vandalism is to give strong power to a small group of people, meaning that lowering down vandalism to 25% is definitely not enough. Vandalism effects follow a non-linear curve and 10 vandals in a party of 10000 people can make enough damage to spoil the party to everyone. It has been proposed to adopt real name as a way to override that. This may work only if there is a systematic control behind this policy (meaning check IDs, which is impossible). Asking people to self-certificate their name, age and to provide an email account is a joke. We all know that people tend not to use their own data on the net. Moreover, some authors may want to keep anonymity for good reasons and it would be a pity to keep the door shut to them. For this I recommend the following: CZ will require credentials from all editor and verify them, then editor will have the choice of being out with a real name or not. It should be enough for CZ&#8217;s authority to be able to claim that &#8220;the CZ staff counts n full professors, n researchers, n TA, n different universities etc.&#8221;. Authors, on the other hand, will not have to provide real names but will have to be selected according to the points listed above (internal-internal references or internal-external) meaning for instance that people should not be able to start writing and deleting during their initial, test-phase. This will slowdown things but will offer the following advantages: drastically reduce the number of troll and vandals; give people an idea of personal growth, a concept that gives motivation. I am aware that all this is not very liberal for a wiki project but (pull)this is not just <em>another wiki project</em>.(/pull)</p>
<p><strong>4. Be creative and innovative in providing contents</strong><br />
Other ways of providing contents could be used. I suggest two, as of examples. One, DO involve schools. Think of thousands of schoolclasses that are given the duty (and the honor) to work together, with their teachers, to contribute with a number of entries. These entries will be a *draft*, perhaps already pretty good, of the real CZ. This initiative could be very useful for kids, for their teachers, for CZ (also in terms of echo in the media). Second, cooperate with already existing free accessible scientific journals (and not only). There are a few already out there (PLOS, PNAS, Genome Biology to name some famous ones). Most peer reviewed journals have reviews on specific arguments that are thought for the general readers. Some of them could perfectly suit as CZ entries. Once again, some journals would be very happy to share their resource for instance having a monthly or weekly shared articled with CZ. It&#8217;s good for them in terms of publicity, it&#8217;s good for CZ. I am sure even more general journals like National geographic or Scientific American for instance would be happy to &#8216;donate&#8217; some articles to be entered in CZ.</p>
<p><strong>5. Keep a schedule and monitor yourself</strong><br />
<em>Know yourself</em>, philosopher says. I find the biggest mistake of WP was to be absolutely ignorant of itself. Who really writes wikipedia? How? What is the credibility of scientific articles vs. political articles, really? CZ should think of a way to track everything down from the very beginning. This is the only way to find and correct issues as soon as they arise, this is the only way to grow.  I&#8217;ll stop now. Already too much. Hope I have been useful. Last thing: what CZ wants from experts it is not merely their theoretical knowledge but their ability to apply a &#8216;method&#8217;. A scientific approach in researching and exposing contents.</p>


<div class="shr-bookmarks shr-bookmarks-expand shr-bookmarks-center">
<ul class="socials">
		<li class="shr-comfeed">
			<a href="http://gilest.ro/2006/wikipedia-citizendium-frankenstein-and-the-golem/feed" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Subscribe to the comments for this post?">Subscribe to the comments for this post?</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-delicious">
			<a href="http://delicious.com/post?url=http://gilest.ro/2006/wikipedia-citizendium-frankenstein-and-the-golem/&amp;title=Wikipedia%2C+Citizendium%2C+Frankenstein+and+the+golem." rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Share this on del.icio.us">Share this on del.icio.us</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-digg">
			<a href="http://digg.com/submit?phase=2&amp;url=http://gilest.ro/2006/wikipedia-citizendium-frankenstein-and-the-golem/&amp;title=Wikipedia%2C+Citizendium%2C+Frankenstein+and+the+golem." rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Digg this!">Digg this!</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-diigo">
			<a href="http://www.diigo.com/post?url=http://gilest.ro/2006/wikipedia-citizendium-frankenstein-and-the-golem/&amp;title=Wikipedia%2C+Citizendium%2C+Frankenstein+and+the+golem.&amp;desc=Everybody%20knows%20Wikipedia%20so%20no%20need%20for%20introduction.%20Let%27s%20just%20say%20that%20of%20the%20many%20very%20different%20opinions%20I%20have%20heard%20about%20it%20-%20placeable%20everywhere%20in%20the%20range%20from%20most%20celebratory%20to%20destructive%20-%20there%20is%20a%20quote%20that%20I%20find%20very%20attractive%3A%0AWikipedia%20should%20not%20work%2C%20but%20it%20does%21%0AThis%20q" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Post this on Diigo">Post this on Diigo</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-googlebuzz">
			<a href="http://www.google.com/buzz/post?url=http://gilest.ro/2006/wikipedia-citizendium-frankenstein-and-the-golem/&amp;imageurl=" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Post on Google Buzz">Post on Google Buzz</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-misterwong">
			<a href="http://www.mister-wong.com/addurl/?bm_url=http://gilest.ro/2006/wikipedia-citizendium-frankenstein-and-the-golem/&amp;bm_description=Wikipedia%2C+Citizendium%2C+Frankenstein+and+the+golem.&amp;plugin=sexybookmarks" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Add this to Mister Wong">Add this to Mister Wong</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-mixx">
			<a href="http://www.mixx.com/submit?page_url=http://gilest.ro/2006/wikipedia-citizendium-frankenstein-and-the-golem/&amp;title=Wikipedia%2C+Citizendium%2C+Frankenstein+and+the+golem." rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Share this on Mixx">Share this on Mixx</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-reddit">
			<a href="http://reddit.com/submit?url=http://gilest.ro/2006/wikipedia-citizendium-frankenstein-and-the-golem/&amp;title=Wikipedia%2C+Citizendium%2C+Frankenstein+and+the+golem." rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Share this on Reddit">Share this on Reddit</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-stumbleupon">
			<a href="http://www.stumbleupon.com/submit?url=http://gilest.ro/2006/wikipedia-citizendium-frankenstein-and-the-golem/&amp;title=Wikipedia%2C+Citizendium%2C+Frankenstein+and+the+golem." rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Stumble upon something good? Share it on StumbleUpon">Stumble upon something good? Share it on StumbleUpon</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-technorati">
			<a href="http://technorati.com/faves?add=http://gilest.ro/2006/wikipedia-citizendium-frankenstein-and-the-golem/" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Share this on Technorati">Share this on Technorati</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-twitter">
			<a href="http://twitter.com/home?status=Wikipedia%2C+Citizendium%2C+Frankenstein+and+the+golem.+-+http://tinyurl.com/yjjoffa&amp;source=shareaholic" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Tweet This!">Tweet This!</a>
		</li>
</ul>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
</div>

]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://gilest.ro/2006/wikipedia-citizendium-frankenstein-and-the-golem/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>4</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Gattaca&#8217;s time.</title>
		<link>http://gilest.ro/2006/gattacas-time/</link>
		<comments>http://gilest.ro/2006/gattacas-time/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 20 Oct 2006 03:33:07 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>gg</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[How Science works]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[blog]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.cafelamarck.it/12/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[X PRIZE Foundation is a non-profit foundation based in Santa Monica, CA. They gained popularity few years ago when they listed and subsequently awarded the Ansari X Prize. They offered US$10mln to the first private institution that would be able to launch a reusable manned spacecraft into space twice within two weeks. The price was [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/tonos_world/101238941/"><img align="left" title="Picture by ToNo's world" alt="Picture by ToNo's world" src="http://static.flickr.com/33/101238941_f6199ebe80_m.jpg" /></a><a href="http://www.x-prize.org">X PRIZE Foundation</a> is a non-profit foundation based in Santa Monica, CA. They gained popularity few years ago when they listed and subsequently awarded the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansari_X_PRIZE">Ansari X Prize</a>. They offered US$10mln to the first private institution that would be able to launch a reusable manned spacecraft into space twice within two weeks. The price was awarded in 2004 and had a lot of echo. After that success, the X-Prize fondation grew stronger so that now they can efford to offer a new batch of prizes, related to different disciplines. One of them is the <a href="http://genomics.xprize.org/">Archon X Prize for Genomics</a> that also happened to be the largest medical prize in history. The prize is described as</p>
<blockquote><p>A multi-million dollar incentive to create technology that can successfully map 100 human genomes in 10 days. The prize is designed to usher in a new era of personalized preventative medicine and stimulate new avenues of research and development of medical sciences.</p></blockquote>
<p><span id="more-195"></span>The prize wants to be a kick to speed up research in genomics. It took 10 years and heaps of investments (more than US$ 3 billion ) to conclude the so called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Genome_Project">Human Genome Project</a>, meaning the complete sequencing of human genome of 2 individuals (drafts but not complete sequences are available for almost 300 for the publicly founded project). Celera Genomics, a privately founded company, did better by completing the sequence in bit more than 3 years. Now the goal is to speed up by several degrees of magnitued by sequencing 100 genomes in bit more than a week and &#8220;at a recurring cost of no more than $10,000 per genome&#8221;. That says something about what people expect from Scientic progress, doesn&#8217;it?</p>
<p><strong>How reachable is this deadline?</strong></p>
<p>Few years have passed from the original publication of the Human Genome. Right now there are a half dozen of companies working on the &#8220;next generation technology&#8221;: with today&#8217;s technology it costs from 1 to 10 US$ to generate a draft of a genome and it takes at least 6-12 months. Honestly I think it&#8217;s difficult to say how much technologies can improve in the next years. Probably having better machines is not just enough, one need a better idea on how to do it on a first place. In fact this is actually what happened already when Craig Venter left NIH to found <a href="http://www.celera.com/">Celera Genomics</a> and decided to compete with the publicly founded Genome Project using not just &#8220;more machines&#8221; but a different, wiser, approach.</p>
<blockquote><p>Using state-of-the art sequencing technology supplied by Applied Biosystems and sophisticated internally-developed informatics, Celera pioneered the application of “shotgun” sequencing. While this <a href="http://www.hhmi.org/cgi-bin/askascientist/highlight.pl?kw=&#038;file=answers%2Fgenetics%2Fans_021.html">“shotgun” approach</a> was widely criticized at the time, it has subsequently become a standard method for sequencing complex organisms that is now broadly accepted and routinely used by many of the same scientists who originally scorned the approach. Scores of organisms have now been sequenced using the Celera “shotgun” method.</p></blockquote>
<p>The shotgun method turned out to be the best approach since Celera won (by far) the competition with the HGP. Now scientist are working to speed up the method even further but perhaps this is not the right path to follow. If you think about it, the very basis of the sequencing method that we still use nowadays are identical to the ones that were first discovered by <a href="http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/restricted/2005/December/Sanger.asp">Fred Sanger</a> at the end of the sixties and then modified (again by him) in the eighties (in fact Fred Sanger is the only chemist to belong to the twice-Nobel-laureate club; interesting fellow, uhm?!). So maybe it&#8217;s time to come up with some radically new idea rather than pushing the Sanger method to its mathematical limits! If you have an idea, do not hesitate: you will sure get a Nobel prize and a 10mln USD check! I give my 2 cents: it will be something involving nanotechnologies and/or DNA electrical resistance!</p>


<div class="shr-bookmarks shr-bookmarks-expand shr-bookmarks-center">
<ul class="socials">
		<li class="shr-comfeed">
			<a href="http://gilest.ro/2006/gattacas-time/feed" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Subscribe to the comments for this post?">Subscribe to the comments for this post?</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-delicious">
			<a href="http://delicious.com/post?url=http://gilest.ro/2006/gattacas-time/&amp;title=Gattaca%27s+time." rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Share this on del.icio.us">Share this on del.icio.us</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-digg">
			<a href="http://digg.com/submit?phase=2&amp;url=http://gilest.ro/2006/gattacas-time/&amp;title=Gattaca%27s+time." rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Digg this!">Digg this!</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-diigo">
			<a href="http://www.diigo.com/post?url=http://gilest.ro/2006/gattacas-time/&amp;title=Gattaca%27s+time.&amp;desc=X%20PRIZE%20Foundation%20is%20a%20non-profit%20foundation%20based%20in%20Santa%20Monica%2C%20CA.%20They%20gained%20popularity%20few%20years%20ago%20when%20they%20listed%20and%20subsequently%20awarded%20the%20Ansari%20X%20Prize.%20They%20offered%20US%2410mln%20to%20the%20first%20private%20institution%20that%20would%20be%20able%20to%20launch%20a%20reusable%20manned%20spacecraft%20into%20space%20twic" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Post this on Diigo">Post this on Diigo</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-googlebuzz">
			<a href="http://www.google.com/buzz/post?url=http://gilest.ro/2006/gattacas-time/&amp;imageurl=" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Post on Google Buzz">Post on Google Buzz</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-misterwong">
			<a href="http://www.mister-wong.com/addurl/?bm_url=http://gilest.ro/2006/gattacas-time/&amp;bm_description=Gattaca%27s+time.&amp;plugin=sexybookmarks" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Add this to Mister Wong">Add this to Mister Wong</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-mixx">
			<a href="http://www.mixx.com/submit?page_url=http://gilest.ro/2006/gattacas-time/&amp;title=Gattaca%27s+time." rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Share this on Mixx">Share this on Mixx</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-reddit">
			<a href="http://reddit.com/submit?url=http://gilest.ro/2006/gattacas-time/&amp;title=Gattaca%27s+time." rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Share this on Reddit">Share this on Reddit</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-stumbleupon">
			<a href="http://www.stumbleupon.com/submit?url=http://gilest.ro/2006/gattacas-time/&amp;title=Gattaca%27s+time." rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Stumble upon something good? Share it on StumbleUpon">Stumble upon something good? Share it on StumbleUpon</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-technorati">
			<a href="http://technorati.com/faves?add=http://gilest.ro/2006/gattacas-time/" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Share this on Technorati">Share this on Technorati</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-twitter">
			<a href="http://twitter.com/home?status=Gattaca%27s+time.+-+http://tinyurl.com/yfqjlf6&amp;source=shareaholic" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Tweet This!">Tweet This!</a>
		</li>
</ul>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
</div>

]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://gilest.ro/2006/gattacas-time/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>What does it take to make a good Scientist?</title>
		<link>http://gilest.ro/2006/what-does-it-take-to-make-a-good-scientist/</link>
		<comments>http://gilest.ro/2006/what-does-it-take-to-make-a-good-scientist/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 12 Oct 2006 13:06:19 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>gg</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[How Science works]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[What does not work in Science]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[blog]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.cafelamarck.it/11/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[I just saw something on the weekly edition of Nature Jobs that made me very happy. It is something that I was waiting to see since a long time. In May 2006 Georgia Chenevix-Trench felt like sharing some of her wisdom with the youngest public of the journal Nature. In the (often embarrassing) portion of [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="margin-left: 18pt" class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/kazze/115208603/"><img alt="Image by *Kazze*" title="Image by *Kazze*" src="http://static.flickr.com/37/115208603_e992fb4ae1_m.jpg" /></a>I just saw something on the weekly edition of Nature Jobs that made me very happy. It is something that I was waiting to see since a long time. In May 2006 <a href="http://www.cafelamarck.it/Georgia%20Chenevix-Trench">Georgia Chenevix-Trench</a> felt like sharing some of her wisdom with the youngest public of the journal Nature. In the (often embarrassing) portion of the journal called Nature Jobs, she published a Decalogue with “tips for students”; goal of the letter was to provide prospective PhD students with rules of thumbs that would help out having a successful career. Sadly enough most of them were embracing  the concept of hard work and only marginally important skills such as <em>creativity, imagination, collaborative science.<span id="more-193"></span> </em>The author makes the point that only a tiny fraction of enrolled PhD students end up succeeding with a career in Science and propose that the reason might be</p>
<blockquote><p>we enroll far too many of them without telling them clearly what doing a doctorate should entail. We therefore set ourselves, and the students, on a path of frustration and disappointment.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>I won’t say what I think about this idea. Not yet. But I was glad to see an <a href="http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/2006/061012/full/nj7112-720b.html">answer</a> today from <a href="http://www.rmit.edu.au/browse/About%20RMIT/Contact%20Us/Staff/by%20name/B/?QRY=sarah%20bekessy&#038;STYPE=LOCATION">Sarah Bekessy</a> and <a href="http://www.botany.unimelb.edu.au/envisci/brendan/brendan.htm">Brendan Wintle</a>, two other Australian researchers. Their opinion is very different and definitely less stereotyped.</p>
<blockquote><p>The idea of a one-size-fits-all model for PhD study is simplistic, patronizing and bad for science.[…] It is a mistake to promote a corporate culture of bulging briefcases, long hours and working weekends as signs of good research practice. PhD students should be judged on their insight and the outcome of their work, not by the number of hours they spend working.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>There is no point spending hours and hours in the lab if the only reason of all this hard working is being faster than someone else outside in the world working on the very same project. Think about the great names that made Science: do we remember them because they were faster? Or we rather worship them because of their creativity, their imagination, their ability to think out of the box and see things clearly where other people would see shadow? Not everybody is gifted whit the rare skill of creativity but if there is something you want to work on, then you better concentrate on that. Most of the lab work we do everyday is repetitive, boring and unimaginative. It takes a brain to make a scientists, not just pair of quickly moving hands.</p>


<div class="shr-bookmarks shr-bookmarks-expand shr-bookmarks-center">
<ul class="socials">
		<li class="shr-comfeed">
			<a href="http://gilest.ro/2006/what-does-it-take-to-make-a-good-scientist/feed" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Subscribe to the comments for this post?">Subscribe to the comments for this post?</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-delicious">
			<a href="http://delicious.com/post?url=http://gilest.ro/2006/what-does-it-take-to-make-a-good-scientist/&amp;title=What+does+it+take+to+make+a+good+Scientist%3F" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Share this on del.icio.us">Share this on del.icio.us</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-digg">
			<a href="http://digg.com/submit?phase=2&amp;url=http://gilest.ro/2006/what-does-it-take-to-make-a-good-scientist/&amp;title=What+does+it+take+to+make+a+good+Scientist%3F" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Digg this!">Digg this!</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-diigo">
			<a href="http://www.diigo.com/post?url=http://gilest.ro/2006/what-does-it-take-to-make-a-good-scientist/&amp;title=What+does+it+take+to+make+a+good+Scientist%3F&amp;desc=I%20just%20saw%20something%20on%20the%20weekly%20edition%20of%20Nature%20Jobs%20that%20made%20me%20very%20happy.%20It%20is%20something%20that%20I%20was%20waiting%20to%20see%20since%20a%20long%20time.%20In%20May%202006%20Georgia%20Chenevix-Trench%20felt%20like%20sharing%20some%20of%20her%20wisdom%20with%20the%20youngest%20public%20of%20the%20journal%20Nature.%20In%20the%20%28often%20embarrassing%29%20portion" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Post this on Diigo">Post this on Diigo</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-googlebuzz">
			<a href="http://www.google.com/buzz/post?url=http://gilest.ro/2006/what-does-it-take-to-make-a-good-scientist/&amp;imageurl=" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Post on Google Buzz">Post on Google Buzz</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-misterwong">
			<a href="http://www.mister-wong.com/addurl/?bm_url=http://gilest.ro/2006/what-does-it-take-to-make-a-good-scientist/&amp;bm_description=What+does+it+take+to+make+a+good+Scientist%3F&amp;plugin=sexybookmarks" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Add this to Mister Wong">Add this to Mister Wong</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-mixx">
			<a href="http://www.mixx.com/submit?page_url=http://gilest.ro/2006/what-does-it-take-to-make-a-good-scientist/&amp;title=What+does+it+take+to+make+a+good+Scientist%3F" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Share this on Mixx">Share this on Mixx</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-reddit">
			<a href="http://reddit.com/submit?url=http://gilest.ro/2006/what-does-it-take-to-make-a-good-scientist/&amp;title=What+does+it+take+to+make+a+good+Scientist%3F" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Share this on Reddit">Share this on Reddit</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-stumbleupon">
			<a href="http://www.stumbleupon.com/submit?url=http://gilest.ro/2006/what-does-it-take-to-make-a-good-scientist/&amp;title=What+does+it+take+to+make+a+good+Scientist%3F" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Stumble upon something good? Share it on StumbleUpon">Stumble upon something good? Share it on StumbleUpon</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-technorati">
			<a href="http://technorati.com/faves?add=http://gilest.ro/2006/what-does-it-take-to-make-a-good-scientist/" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Share this on Technorati">Share this on Technorati</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-twitter">
			<a href="http://twitter.com/home?status=What+does+it+take+to+make+a+good+Scientist%3F+-+http://tinyurl.com/ygsv4xn&amp;source=shareaholic" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Tweet This!">Tweet This!</a>
		</li>
</ul>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
</div>

]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://gilest.ro/2006/what-does-it-take-to-make-a-good-scientist/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>3</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Nature goes preprint for a while (or at least it tries so).</title>
		<link>http://gilest.ro/2006/nature-goes-preprint-for-a-while/</link>
		<comments>http://gilest.ro/2006/nature-goes-preprint-for-a-while/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 25 Sep 2006 20:13:36 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>gg</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[How Science works]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.cafelamarck.it/?p=6</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Not everybody is aware that the famous scientific journal Nature has started an editorial experiment on June 2006. Starting from that date all authors who submit their manuscript for reviewing can also decide whether they want their work to be publicly available to all readers on the Nature website for open reviewing: not only will [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img src="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7109/images/cover_nature.jpg" />Not everybody is aware that the famous scientific journal Nature has started an <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/peerreview/index.html">editorial experiment </a>on June 2006. Starting from that date all authors who submit their manuscript for reviewing can also decide whether they want their work to be <a href="http://blogs.nature.com/nature/peerreview/trial/">publicly available</a> to all readers on the Nature website for open reviewing: not only will readers be able to go through the manuscript but they are also invited to leave comment to the server. As of now 69 papers appeared on their website but only 37 comments were given in total: that makes far less than a comment per paper! Other websites exist where scientist can upload their work as preprint manuscript, the most famous being <a href="http://arxiv.org/">arxiv.org</a>, well known amongst physicist. It is not unusual for a manuscript pre-published on arxiv to receive pages and pages of comments, sometimes including figures. The system of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_review">peer reviewing</a> is universally considered as one the most powerful features of today&#8217;s science but its application is not seldomly <a href="http://www-hsc.usc.edu/~kjkim/peer_review.jpg">debated</a>.</p>


<div class="shr-bookmarks shr-bookmarks-expand shr-bookmarks-center">
<ul class="socials">
		<li class="shr-comfeed">
			<a href="http://gilest.ro/2006/nature-goes-preprint-for-a-while/feed" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Subscribe to the comments for this post?">Subscribe to the comments for this post?</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-delicious">
			<a href="http://delicious.com/post?url=http://gilest.ro/2006/nature-goes-preprint-for-a-while/&amp;title=Nature+goes+preprint+for+a+while+%28or+at+least+it+tries+so%29." rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Share this on del.icio.us">Share this on del.icio.us</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-digg">
			<a href="http://digg.com/submit?phase=2&amp;url=http://gilest.ro/2006/nature-goes-preprint-for-a-while/&amp;title=Nature+goes+preprint+for+a+while+%28or+at+least+it+tries+so%29." rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Digg this!">Digg this!</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-diigo">
			<a href="http://www.diigo.com/post?url=http://gilest.ro/2006/nature-goes-preprint-for-a-while/&amp;title=Nature+goes+preprint+for+a+while+%28or+at+least+it+tries+so%29.&amp;desc=Not%20everybody%20is%20aware%20that%20the%20famous%20scientific%20journal%20Nature%20has%20started%20an%20editorial%20experiment%20on%20June%202006.%20Starting%20from%20that%20date%20all%20authors%20who%20submit%20their%20manuscript%20for%20reviewing%20can%20also%20decide%20whether%20they%20want%20their%20work%20to%20be%20publicly%20available%20to%20all%20readers%20on%20the%20Nature%20website%20" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Post this on Diigo">Post this on Diigo</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-googlebuzz">
			<a href="http://www.google.com/buzz/post?url=http://gilest.ro/2006/nature-goes-preprint-for-a-while/&amp;imageurl=" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Post on Google Buzz">Post on Google Buzz</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-misterwong">
			<a href="http://www.mister-wong.com/addurl/?bm_url=http://gilest.ro/2006/nature-goes-preprint-for-a-while/&amp;bm_description=Nature+goes+preprint+for+a+while+%28or+at+least+it+tries+so%29.&amp;plugin=sexybookmarks" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Add this to Mister Wong">Add this to Mister Wong</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-mixx">
			<a href="http://www.mixx.com/submit?page_url=http://gilest.ro/2006/nature-goes-preprint-for-a-while/&amp;title=Nature+goes+preprint+for+a+while+%28or+at+least+it+tries+so%29." rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Share this on Mixx">Share this on Mixx</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-reddit">
			<a href="http://reddit.com/submit?url=http://gilest.ro/2006/nature-goes-preprint-for-a-while/&amp;title=Nature+goes+preprint+for+a+while+%28or+at+least+it+tries+so%29." rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Share this on Reddit">Share this on Reddit</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-stumbleupon">
			<a href="http://www.stumbleupon.com/submit?url=http://gilest.ro/2006/nature-goes-preprint-for-a-while/&amp;title=Nature+goes+preprint+for+a+while+%28or+at+least+it+tries+so%29." rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Stumble upon something good? Share it on StumbleUpon">Stumble upon something good? Share it on StumbleUpon</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-technorati">
			<a href="http://technorati.com/faves?add=http://gilest.ro/2006/nature-goes-preprint-for-a-while/" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Share this on Technorati">Share this on Technorati</a>
		</li>
		<li class="shr-twitter">
			<a href="http://twitter.com/home?status=Nature+goes+preprint+for+a+while+%28or+at+least+it+tries+so%29.+-+http://tinyurl.com/ykl5oez&amp;source=shareaholic" rel="nofollow" class="external" title="Tweet This!">Tweet This!</a>
		</li>
</ul>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
</div>

]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://gilest.ro/2006/nature-goes-preprint-for-a-while/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>2</slash:comments>
		</item>
	</channel>
</rss>
